the study examined the factors associated with CKD in a population-based cohort in Wisconsin, with emphasis on smoking and consumption of alcohol
CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/minute per 1.73 m^2 from serum creatinine.
1) cross-sectional analysis among 4,898 persons with prevalent CKD (n = 324) as the outcome of interest
2) longitudinal analysis among 3,392 CKD-free persons at baseline, with 5-year incident CKD (n = 114) between 1993 and 1995 as the outcome of interest
smoking and heavy drinking, defined as consumption of four or more servings of alcohol per day, were associated with CKD, independent of several important confounders
compared with that among never smokers, the odds ratio of developing CKD was 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63, 2.00) among former smokers and 1.97 (95% CI: 1.15, 3.36) among current smokers
heavy drinking was associated with CKD, with an odds ratio of 1.99 (95% CI: 0.99, 4.01)
joint exposure to both current smoking and heavy drinking was associated with almost fivefold odds of developing CKD compared with their absence (odds ratio = 4.93, 95% CI: 2.45, 9.94)
smoking and consumption of four or more servings of alcohol per day are associated with CKD
Reference:
Shankar A et al. The association among smoking, heavy drinking, and chronic kidney disease. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:263-71
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